Gujarat Technological University

Structure for Second  Semester Syllabus of Degree Pharmacy Course  

Semester-II

Applied Mathematics (Biostatistics)

(2 hours/week; 2 credits, 30 hours)

1. Sample and sampling methods 06

Introduction, sample and population, importance of sampling, sample and its

characteristics. Sampling methods - Simple random sampling – lottery method

and random number tables; stratified random sampling; systematic sampling;

multistage sampling; cluster sampling. Sampling with and without

replacement, sampling distribution, standard error. Example of – simple

random sample and stratified random sampling.

2. Statistical inference – tests of hypothesis 08

Introduction, testing of hypothesis – hypothesis, statistical hypothesis, null

hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test of a hypothesis, critical region, types of

errors in testing of a hypothesis, level of significance, two-tailed and onetailed

tests, degrees of freedom. Tests of significance – large sample tests;

small sample tests – t-test for testing the significance of a single mean, t-test

for testing the significance of difference between two means, paired t-test. Ttest

for testing the significance of an observed correlation coefficient, F-test

for equality of two variances, Chi-square test for goodness of fit, Chi-square

test for testing independence of attributes, Chi-square test for homogeneity.

Example for all types of tests.

3. Correlation and Regression 04

Introduction, types of correlation – positive or negative, simple, multiple or

partial. Coefficient of correlation, methods of studying correlation – scatter

diagram method, karl pearson’s product moment method, spearman’s rank

correlation method. Regression, lines of regression, methods of finding

regression lines - scatter diagram method, method of least squares. Examples

of all methods for correlation and regression.

4. Analysis of variance 04

Introduction, assumptions of analysis of variance, analysis of variance for oneway

classification, analysis of variance for two-way classification. Example of

one-way and two-way classifications.

5. Non-parametric tests 04

Introduction, advantages of non-parametric tests, the wilcoxon signed-rank

test, the wilcoxon rank-sum test, the kruskal-wallis test. Example of all three

non-parametric tests.

6. Experimental designs in clinical research 04

Introduction, types of designs – parallel design, cross-over design – two-way

cross-over and three-way cross-over, Replicate design. Merits and demerits of

all methods. Wash-out period, carry-over effect.

NOTE: PLEASE COVER PHARMACY APPLICATION RELATED

EXAMPLES FOR ALL TOPICS.

Books recommended:

1. Business statistics - J K Sharma, PHI publication.

2. Statistical methods - S P Gupta, Sultan Chand & Sons.

Pharmaceutics-II

(3 hours/week; 3 credits; 45 hours)

1 Size Reduction

Objectives, theory of size reduction, factors influencing size reduction, energy

requirements in size reduction, study of various mills including ball mill, hammer

mill, fluid energy mill, colloid mill, cutter mill, etc. Introduction to methods of

generating nanoparticles

7

2 Size Separation

Principles of size separation, screens- types, pharmacopoeial standards, screening

methods, screening equipments including shaking and vibrating screens, gyratory

screens, sedimentation tank, elutriation and cyclone type separators etc.

Application of size separation in pharmacy, angle of repose, carr’s index, hausner

ratio.

4

3 Mixing

Theory of mixing, mixing mechanisms, solid – solid, solid – liquid and liquid –

liquid mixing equipments. Importance of content uniformity in solid dosage

forms.

7

4 Crystallization

Objectives, crystal lattice, types of crystal, crystal form, size and habit, formation

of crystals, supersaturation theory, factors affecting crystallization process,

crystal growth. Study of various types of crystallizers including Swenson walker,

tanks, circulating magma, vaccum and crystal cooling crystallizer, etc. Spherical

crystallization and its application in ph, brief introduction of co-crystals,

polymorphism and amorphous forms of drugs.

9

5 Extraction

Principle, theory, types of extraction, solvents used for extraction, leaching and

extraction equipments, small scale and large scale extraction methods, special

extraction techniques, application in pharmaceutical industry.

5

6 Compaction and Compression

Objectives, theory, process of compression, effect of compressional force on

powders/granules. Kawakita equations. Applications in tablet dosage forms

(direct compression, etc.) Hecker and Kawakita equations.

6

7 Automated Process Control Systems

Temperature, pressure, vacuum, flow level and their measurements. Elements of

automatic process control systems.

4

8 Industrial Hazards and Safety Precautions

Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, Fire and dust hazards. Introduction to waste

water treatment in industry.

3

Pharmaceutics-II

PRACTICALS

(3 hours/week, 3 credits, 45 hours)

Practicals related to topics mentioned in the theory should be carried out.

Books Recommended :

1 Elementary Chemical Engineering - Max S. Peters, Published by McGraw Hill Book

Company, New York, 1954

2 Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook - Robert H Perry, Green D.W., Maloney

J.O.7th Edition, 1998, McGraw – Hill Inc., New York.

3 Tutorial Pharmacy by Cooper & Gunn, ed. S.J.Carter, CBS Publishers & Distributors,

Delhi, 6th Edition, 2000.

4 Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th edition - McCabe, Smith & Harriott,

McGraw – Hill Inc., New York.

5 Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design - M.E. Aulton.

6 The Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy – Lachman L., Lieberman H.A. &

Kanjig J.L., 3rd edition, 1990 Varghese Publishing House, Bombay.

7 Alfonso G. Remington: The Science & Practice of Pharmacy. Vol.I & II. Lippincott,

Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry – II

(3 hours/week; 3 credits, 45 hours)

1. The liquid state: 06

Physical properties surface tension, parachor, viscosity, refractive index,

optical rotation, dipole moment of chemical constituents.

2. Solutions: 07

Ideal and real solutions, solutions of gases in liquids, colligative

properties, partition co-efficient, conductance and its measurement,

Debye-Huckel theory.

3. Thermodynamics: 08

Basic principles, First, Second and Third laws, Zeroth Law, absolute

temperature scale, thermochemical equations, phase equilibria

and phase rule, One and two component systems.

4. Adsorption: 04

Basic principles, Freundlich and Gibbs adsorption isotherms, Langmuir theory

of adsorption.

5. Photochemistry: 06

Basic principles, Consequence of light adsorption, Jablonski diagram,

Lambert-Beer Law, Quantum efficiency.

6. Chemical kinetics: 10

Zero, first and second orders reactions, complex reaction, theories of reaction

kinetics, characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, acidbase

enzyme catalysis.

7. Radioactivity: 04

Basic principles of Radioactivity, Radioactivity Rays and Measurements of

Radioactivity, Applications.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-II

PRACTICALS

(3 hours/week, 3 credits, 45 hours)

Experiments on surface tension and viscosity, partition coefficient, adsorption,

order of reaction (First and Second), refractive index and molar refraction.

Books Recommended:

1. Text book of Physical Chemistry: Semuel Glasstone, Macmillan India

Limited, 2nd Ed. 1995.

2. Elements of physical chemistry; Peter Atkins, Julio de paula, Oxford

University Press, 4th Ed. 2007.

Anatomy Physiology and Health Education-II

(3 hours/week, 3 credits, 45 hours)

1. Cardiovascular System: 09

Anatomy of the heart, Circulatory system including Arterial and Venous

system with special reference to the names and positions of main arteries and

veins, Properties of Cardiac muscle, Electrocardiogram (ECG), Blood pressure

and its regulation, Coronary circulation, Basic understanding of Cardiac cycle

and Heart sounds, Renin Angiotensin system and its significance, Cardiac

output, Brief introduction to cardiovascular disorders.

2. Respiratory System: 04

Anatomy of Respiratory organs, Physiology (mechanism and regulation) of

respiration, Physiology of Internal Respiration, Brief overview of measuring

lung functions i.e. respiratory volumes, Vital capacity, Respiratory disorders.

3. Nervous System: 13

Neurons and Nerve Fibers, Physiology of Nerve excitation and conduction,

Overview of Neurotransmitters, Divisions of Nervous System, Central

Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord), Function of different parts of brain

and spinal cord, Reflex action, Electroencephalogram (EEG), Specialized

functions of the brain including Limbic system and Reticular activation and

Inhibiting System, Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (Cranial nerves & spinal

nerves): Description of spinal and cranial nerves, Physiology and functions of

the Autonomic Nervous System, brief introduction to CNS disorders.

4. Special Senses: 05

Basic anatomy of the Eye and the Ear, Physiology of Vision, Hearing and

Equilibrium Balance. Organs of Taste (tongue), Olfaction, Touch, Pressure,

etc., Structure and Functions of Skin. Regulation of Body Temperature,

Disorders.

5. Urinary System: 04

Various parts of urinary system and their functions, Structure and functions of

Nephron, Physiology of Urine formation, Brief outline of renal diseases, Acidbase

balance.

6. Endocrine System: 05

Role of Endocrine Glands in Regulation and Integration of various functions

of the Body, Anatomy and Physiology of pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid,

adrenals, Pancreas, testes and ovary, their hormones and functions with brief

outlines of their disorders.

7. Reproductive System: 04

Gross Anatomy and Histology of Male and female reproductive Organs and

their Functions, Physiology of Menstruation, Coitus and Fertilization, Sex

differentiation, Oogenesis and spermatogenesis, implantation of embryo,

pregnancy and its maintenance, parturition.

8. Physiology of Ageing 01

Anatomy Physiology and Health Education-II

PRACTICALS

(2 hours/week, 2 credits, 30 hours)

1. Biochemical Analysis of Urine 02

Physical Characteristics, Normal Constituents, Abnormal Constituents

3. Study with the help of charts and models of the Anatomy of

following ystems: 07

Heart, Arterial System, Venous System, Respiratory System, Urinary System,

Male and Female Reproductive System, Eye and Ear, Nervous System

3. Histology of Various organs of above mentioned Systems 02

4. Determination of body temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, listening to

heart sounds, demonstration of ECG 01

5. Determination of Lung Volumes and Vital Capacity 01

6. Study of Reflexes, Vision and Hearing capacity 02

Books Recommended (Latest Editions) :

1 William J. Larsen: Anatomy – Development, function, Clinical Correlations

–Saunders (Elsevier Science)

2 Guyton A.C. and Hall J.E. : Textbook of Medical Physiology – 10th Edition–

W.B.Saunders

3 Seeley R.R., Stephens T.D. and Tate P.: Anatomy and Physiology 2000 –

McGraw Hill Co.

4 Waugh A. and Grant A.: Ross and Wilson’s Anatomy and Physiology in

Health & illness –– Churchill Livingstone

5 Sobotta : Atlas of Human Anatomy (2 Volumes) –Edited by Putz and R.

Pabst, Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins

6 Anne M.R.Agur & Ming J. Lee: Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy –Lippincott,

Williams and Wilkins

7 Gosling T.A., Harris P.F., Whitmore I., William, Human Anatomy: Color

Atlas and Text –– Mosby

8 Bullock B.L. & Henze R.L., Focus on Pathophysiology –Lippincott

9 Martini, F. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (Prentice Hall)

10 West, J.B. Best and Taylor’s physiological Basis of Medical Practice

(Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore)

11 Tortora G.J. and Anagnodokos, N.P. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

(Harper and Colling Publishers, New York)

12 Chatterjee, C.C.Human Physiology (Medical Allied Agency, Calcutta)

13 Lesson, C.R. et al.: Text Book of Histology (W.B.Saunders Company)

Pharmacognosy-I

(2 hours/week, 2 credits, 30 hours)

1. Definition, history, scope and development of Pharmacognosy. 01

2. Sources of drugs: 03

Plant, biological, marine, and mineral. Tissue culture as source of drugs.

3. Classification of drugs: 02

Alphabetical, Morphological, Taxonomical, Chemical and Pharmacological.

4. Morphology: 08

Seed, root, stem, leaf, bark, wood, flower and fruit. Modification of root and

stem. Histology of dicot and monocot root, stem and leaf.

5. Cultivation, collection, processing and storage of crude drugs. 04

Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants. Types of soils and

fertilizers of common use. Plant hormones and their applications. Polyploidy,

mutation and Hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.

6. Quality control of crude drugs: 04

Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic, microscopic,

physical, ch3emical, biological and other method of evaluation.

7. An introduction to active constituents of drugs and their classification and

properties. 01

8. Systemic pharmacognostic study of the following: 07

a) Carbohydrates and derived products: Agar, Guar gum, Acacia, Honey,

Isabgol, Pectin, Starch, Stercuila, Tragacanth and sodium alginate.

b) Lipids: Beeswax, castor oil, coca butter, cod liver oil, hydrocarpus oil,

seasame oil and wool fat, kokum butter, lard, linseed oil, rice bran oil,

shark liver oil.

Pharmacognosy-I

PRACTICAL

(3 hours/week, 3 credits, 45 hours)

1. Morphology of plant parts indicated in theory.

2. Microscopy of monocot and dicot root, stem and leaf.

3. Microscopic measurements of cell and cell contents: starch grains, calcium

oxalate crystals and phloem fibers.

4. Identification of crude drugs belonging to carbohydrates and lipids.

5. Preparation of herbarium sheets.

Books recommended:

1. Botany for degree students: A. C. Dutta, Calcutta Oxford University Press,

New Delhi, 6th Edition, 2002.

2. College botany Vol-I-III, Ganguly H.C., Das K.S., and Dutta C., New Central

Book Agency [P] Lt., 2006.

3. Pharmacognosy: C. K. Kokate, A. P. Purohit, S. B. Gokhale, Nirali Prakashan

Pune, 9th edition, 1998.

4. Pharmacognosy: V. E. Tyler, L. R. Brady, J. E. Habbers, Lea and Febiger

Philadelphia, 9th edition, 1988.

5. A Text book of pharmacognosy: C. S. Shah, J. S. Quadry, B. S. Shah

Prakashan, Ahmedabad, 13th revised edition, 2007-08.

6. Trease and Evan’s Pharmacognosy: W. C. Evans, W. B. Saunders Company,

Singapore 14th edition, 1997.

7. Textbook of Pharmacognosy: T.E. Wallis, CBS Publishers and Distributors,

New Delhi, 5th Edition, reprinted, 2003.

Practical Books:

1. Practical Pharmacognosy by C. K. Kokate, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi, 4th

edition, 1997.

2. Practical Pharmacognosy, Technique and Experiment by C. K. Kokate and S.

B. Gokhale, Nirali Prakashan, Pune, 3rd edition, 1996.

Physical Pharmacy

(3 hours/week, 3 credits, 45 hours)

1. States of Matter:

Introduction, binding forces between molecules, states of matter-solids, liquids,

gases, liquid crystals, glassy state, phase equilibrium and phase rule, condensed

systems

5

2. Buffers:

Buffer equation, buffer capacity, buffers in pharmaceuticals systems, preparation,

stability, buffered, isotonic solutions, tonicity calculations, and methods of

adjusting isotonicity.

3

3. Solubility and Distribution Phenomenon:

General principles, solvent-solute interactions, solubility of gases in liquids,

solubility of liquids in liquids, solubility of solids in liquids, distribution of

solutes between immiscible solvents.

7

4. Surface and Interfacial phenomenon :

Liquid interface, adsorption at liquid interfaces, adsorption at solid interface,

applications of surface active agents, electrical properties of interfaces.

6

5. Disperse systems :

a. Colloidal dispersions : Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective

colloids, applications of colloids in pharmacy.

b. Suspensions and Emulsions : Interfacial properties of suspended

particles/globules, settling in suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of

Brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation

parameters, wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in

structured vehicle, rheological considerations, emulsions ; types, theories,

physical stability.

10

6. Micromeritics:

Particle size and distribution, methods for determining particle size, particle

shape and surface area, methods for determining surface area, derived

properties of powders.

8

7. Rheology :

Newtonian system, Non-Newtonian systems, thixotropy in formulation,

determination of rheological properties, applications in pharmacy.

6

Physical Pharmacy

PRACTICALS

(3 hours/week, 3 credits, 45 hours)

Practicals demonstrating any theoretical aspects of above topics may be carried out.

Experiments on application of phase rule, two component systems, estimation of

buffer capacity, preparation of various buffer solutions and their use, experiments on

tonicity adjustment, Solubility determination of solids. Determination of surface /

interfacial tension, HLB value and CMC of surfactants. Estimation of partition

coefficient, Determination of viscosity using different viscometers, Demonstration of

Brookefield viscometer, Determination particle size and surface area, derived

properties of powders like density porosity, compressibility angle of repose etc. Study

on polymorphs, their identification & properties. Studies of different types of colloids

and their properties, Determination of sedimentation parameters for suspensions and

emulsions, work done in emulsification, etc.

Books Recommended :

1. Martin’s Physical pharmacy by Patrick J. Sinko, 5th edition, Lippincott Williams

& Wilkins, New York, 2006.

2. Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form Design, 2nd edition, Aulton, Michael

E., Chrchill Livingstone, London, 2002.

3. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Vol-I & II, 20th edition,

Gennaro, Alfonso R.,Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, 2002.

4. Physicochemical Principles of Pharmacy, 3rd edition, Florence, A. T. Atwood, D.

Macmillan Press Ltd., London 1998.

5. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Ansel, Howard. C.,

Allen, Loyd V., Popovich, Nicholas G. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New

York, 2002.

6. Cooper and Gunn’s Tutorial Pharmacy, ed. Carter, S. J., 6th edition, CBS

Publishers & Distributors, Delhi, 2000.

7. Bentley’s textbook of Pharmaceutics by E. A. Rawlins